The Devil as Iago in Shakespeare’s Othello Essay -- GCSE Coursework Sh

The Devil as Iago in Shakespeare’s Othello    One question that has often been debated amongst literary scholars is what could have motivated Iago to set off such a chain of events which accumulated in the horrific amount of death and tragic consequences that occur in William Shakespeare’s play Othello. On the surface, one could artificially assume that Iago was spurred by two reasons to carry out such a malicious and inhumane plan. His anger of being passed over for lieutenantship by Othello in favor of Cassio, coupled with his inclinations that his wife has slept with Othello, drives Iago to partake in dangerous and seemingly insurmountable actions in order to climb up the social ladder and exact revenge on Othello. Chief proponents of this belief that Iago was solely motivated by these two factors would argue that he was simply a Machiavellian-inspired villain who took action only in the devised betterment of himself and his current status. However, when one delves into Iago’s unholy actions and intentions on a deeper level, it is clear that a metaphysical element exists in his character that when revealed is utterly haunting and truly horrific. A more penetrating analysis of Iago shows that he is not only the embodiment of evil but that he is in fact the Devil himself, who is set on destroying everything that is good in the lives of Othello’s characters. A main underlying theme that resides in Othello is Shakespeare’s constant usage of outward appearance as opposed to reality. It is Iago, who in the opening act of the play, makes this clearly obvious to the audience stating "I am not what I am"(1.1.65). Although it is not yet revealed to the audience who Iago really is (i.e. the Devil), this statement is a direct rev... ...o: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p.: Random House, 1986. Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957

Papaya Sap

Introduction Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky emulsion (known as latex) in the sap of a number of plants but can also be produced synthetically. The major commercial source of the latex used to create rubber is the Para rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae). This is largely because it responds to wounding by producing more latex. Other plants containing latex include figs, euphorbias and the common dandelion.These have not been a major source of rubber, though when Germany was cut off from supplies of rubber during World War II, attempts were made to use such sources, before being supplanted by the development of synthetic rubber. It is believed to have been named by Joseph Priestley, who discovered in 1770 that dried latex rubbed out pencil marks. In its native Central America and South America, rubber has been collected for a long time. The Mesoamerican civilizations used rubber mostly from Castilla elastica.The Ancient Mesoamericans had a ball game using rubber balls (see: Mesoamerican ballgame), and a few Pre-Columbian rubber balls have been found (always in sites that were flooded under fresh water), the earliest dating to about 1600 BC. According to Bernal Diaz del Castillo, the Spanish Conquistadores were so astounded by the vigorous bouncing of the rubber balls of the Aztecs that they wondered if the balls were enchanted by evil spirits. The Maya also made a type of temporary rubber shoe by dipping their feet into a latex mixture.Rubber was used in various other contexts, such as strips to hold stone and metal tools to wooden handles, and padding for the tool handles. While the ancient Mesoamericans did not have vulcanization, they developed organic methods of processing the rubber with similar results, mixing the raw latex with various saps and juices of other vines, particularly Ipomoea alba, a species of Morning glory. In Brazil the natives understood the use of rubber to make water-resistant cloth.A story sa ys that the first European to return to Portugal from Brazil with samples of such water-repellent rubberized cloth so shocked people that he was brought to court on the charge of witchcraft. When samples of rubber first arrived in England, it was observed that a piece of the material was extremely good for rubbing out pencil marks on paper. This was the origin of the material's English name of ‘rubber'. Blocks of the material are still used for this purpose, and known as ‘rubbers' in England, causing occasional amusement to Americans, to whom a ‘rubber' is a condom.The sap is any liquid found in the stems of plants, including the liquid material that moves the younger annual rings and bark of trees and watery juices of herbaceous plants. Natural rubber is another valuable sap. The papaya’s milky sap is also called latex. Latex is a milky fluid produced by rubber trees. Latex is also used to make rubber Since papaya fruits produce latex like rubber plants, th e study â€Å"Rubber Material Source from Papaya (Carica papaya) Milky Sap† was formulated.The study aimed to use papaya sap as main ingredient in making bioplastic because it contains starch which is one of the components in making bioplastic and also, the sap or latex is used in making rubber. Papaya is found anywhere so there is adequate supply of the main ingredient. Plus, the flow of the papaya sap is continuousand it is environment friendly because it doesn’t harm the plant. The study is to be conducted to produce bioplastic so that the plastics that people are using in the present could somehow be replaced with the use of this investigatory project to lessen the environmental effects of the decomposition of plastics.Objectives of the Study This investigation is anchored on the following objectives: 1) To evaluate and compare the, the appearance, texture, elasticity and strength of the rubber material. 2) To compare the experimental rubber material from the three treatments and the commercial rubber material. 3) To identify which among the three treatments made will be least fot the production of the wrapper. Statement of the Problem 1. Is there a significant difference between the experimental Rubber material and commercial Rubber material when analyzed by: 1. Appearance 1. 2 Texture 1. 3 Elasticity 1. 4 Strength 2. Is there a relationship between the cost of the experimental rubber material and commercial rubber material? 3. Is there a significant difference between the treatments’ replications when analyzed by: 1. 1 Appearance 1. 2 Texture 1. 3 Elasticity 1. 4 Strength Hypotheses of the Study Null Hypothesis 1. There is no significant difference between the experimental rubber material and commercial rubber material when analyzed by appearance, texture, elasticity, and strength. 2.There is no significant relationship between the cost of the experimental rubber material and commercial rubber material. 3. There is no significant dif ference between the treatments’ replications when analyzed by appearance, texture, elasticity, and strength. Alternative Hypothesis 1. There is a significant difference between the experimental rubber material and commercial rubber material when analyzed by appearance, texture, elasticity, and strength. 2. There is a relationship between the cost of the experimental rubber material and commercial rubber material. 3.There is a significant difference between the treatments’ replications when analyzed by appearance, texture, elasticity, and strength. Significance of the Study Rubber Manufacturers- can help in reducing the product cost of a certain material out of rubber. And also, it can help in preventing the emission of harmful gases that can cause depletion of the ozone layer and in the worsening of global warming. Consumers- they can be assured that the product is safe and does not contain hazardous chemicals that can harm their health. And also, it is biodegradable, so it is not difficult for them to dispose it.Scope and Limitations of the Study Variable Limitation The independent variable of the study is the papaya sap, the dependent variable of the study is the produced rubber material and the moderator variables of the study were the processes involved in making the rubber material. Subject Limitation The study focuses on using the papaya sap as raw material in making rubber material. Time Limitation The study was conducted from August 23 to October 13, 2010. Paper works and conducting of the experiment will be done during the said span of time. Place LimitationThis study was conducted at the DOST Laboratory of the Kidapawan City National High School (KCNHS), Roxas Street, Kidapawan City. Conceptual Framework Independent Variable Dependent Variable Rubber Material Rubber Material Papaya Sap Papaya Sap Collecting of Sap Collecting of Materials Sterilization Weighing of Materials Dilution Mixing Cooking Molding Drying Collecting of Sap Collect ing of Materials Sterilization Weighing of Materials Dilution Mixing Cooking Molding Drying Moderating Variables Figure 1.A diagram showing the interplay of the variables of the study. Locale of the Study Kidapawan City Pilot Elementary School ( KCPES ) Kidapawan City Pilot Elementary School ( KCPES ) Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) R O X A S S T R E E T R O X A S S T R E E T City Health Office City Health Office Puericu- lture Clinic Puericu- lture Clinic Kidapawan City National High School Kidapawan City National High School City Hospital City Hospital Noodols Noodols Blue Chips Blue Chips Jollibee Jollibee To Cotabato To CotabatoTo Davao To Davao Figure2. Diagram showing the place where the study was conducted Definition of Terms Rubber- an elastic substance obtained from latex of many tropical plants, Collecting – the process of gathering all the materials needed in the experiment, especially the raw material. Cooking- t he act of heating the mixture formed. Drying- the process of placing the product into the drying oven. Glycerin- an organic compound, also called glycerin or glycerin. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations.Melting- the process of liquefying the solid materials needed in the study. Mixing-the process of combining all the materials into a mixture. One of the procedures used in the study. Sterilization- the process of making the tools used in the study clean and free from bacteria. Weighing-the process of measuring the heaviness of the materials used in the study. Review of Related Literature Rubber Used in the study as dependent variable.. Rubber any solid substance that upon vulcanization becomes elastic; the term includes natural rubber ( caoutchouc ) and synthetic rubber.The term elastomer is sometimes used to designate synthetic rubber only and is sometimes extended to include caoutchouc as well. Chemistry and Properties All rubberlike materials are polymers , which are high molecular weight compounds consisting of long chains of one or more types of molecules, such as monomers. Vulcanization (or curing) produces chemical links between the loosely coiled polymeric chains; elasticity occurs because the chains can be stretched and the crosslinks cause them to spring back when the stress is released. Natural rubber is a polyterpene, i. e. it consists of isoprene molecules linked into loosely twisted chains. The monomer units along the backbone of the carbon chains are in a cis arrangement (see isomer ) and it is this spatial configuration that gives rubber its highly elastic character. In gutta-percha , which is another natural polyterpene, the isoprene molecules are bonded in a trans configuration leading to a crystalline solid at room temperature. Unvulcanized rubber is soluble in a number of hydrocarbons, including benzene, toluene, gasoline, and lubricating oils. Rubber is water repellent and resistan t to alkalies and weak acids.Rubber's elasticity, toughness, impermeability, adhesiveness, and electrical resistance make it useful as an adhesive, a coating composition, a fiber, a molding compound, and an electrical insulator. In general, synthetic rubber has the following advantages over natural rubber: better aging and weathering, more resistance to oil, solvents, oxygen, ozone, and certain chemicals, and resilience over a wider temperature range. The advantages of natural rubber are less buildup of heat from flexing and greater resistance to tearing when hot ( http://www. ncyclopedia. com/topic/rubber. aspx ). Starch Starch is the binding component in the study. Starch or amylum is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by all green plants as an energy store. It is the most important carbohydrate in the human diet and is contained in such staple foods as potatoes, wheat, maize (corn), ric e, and cassava.. Pure starch is a white, tasteless and odorless powder that is insoluble in cold water or alcohol.It consists of two types of molecules: the linear and helical amylose and the branched amylopectin. Depending on the plant, starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin. [1] Glycogen, the glucose store of animals, is a more branched version of amylopectin. Starch is processed to produce many of the sugars in processed foods. When dissolved in warm water, it can be used as a thickening, stiffening or gluing agent, giving wheatpaste ( http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Starch ). Papaya Sap Papaya sap is the independent variable of the study.The latex of the papaya plant and its green fruits contains two proteolytic enzymes, papain and chymopapain. The latter is most abundant but papain is twice as potent. In 1933, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) was the leading commercial source of papain but it has been surpassed by East Africa where large-scale production began i n 1937. The latex is obtained by making incisions on the surface of the green fruits early in the morning and repeating every 4 or 5 days until the latex ceases to flow. The tool is of bone, glass, sharp-edged bamboo or stainless steel (knife or raxor blade).Ordinary steel stains the latex. Tappers hold a coconut shell, clay cup, or glass, porcelain or enamel pan beneath the fruit to catch the latex, or a container like an â€Å"inverted umbrella† is clamped around the stem. The latex coagulates quickly and, for best results, is spread on fabric and oven-dried at a low temperature, then ground to powder and packed in tins. Sun-drying tends to discolor the product. One must tap 1,500 average-size fruits to gain 1 1/2 lbs (0. 68 kg) of papain (http://www. hort. purdue. edu/newcrop/morton/papaya_ars. html#Papain).Glycerin Glycerin is the plasticizer and the preservative to the product. Glycerin is a thick liquid that is colorless and sweet tasting. It has a high boiling point an d freezes to a paste. Glycerin's most common use is in soap and other beauty products like lotions, though it is also used, in the form of nitroglycerin, to create dynamite. Glycerin is popular in beauty products because it is a humectant — it absorbs ambient water. This means that it can help seal in moisture. Not only is it used in the soap making process, it's a byproduct too.Many soap manufacturers actually extract glycerin during the soap making process and reserve it for use in more expensive products. Even when soap manufacturers reserve glycerin for other products, however, some amount of glycerin remains in every bar of soap (http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-glycerin. htm). Vinegar Vinegar is an acidic liquid produced from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid (ethanoic acid). It also may come in a diluted form. The acetic acid concentration ypically ranges from 4% to 8% by volume for table vinegar[1] and up to 18% for pickling. Natural vinegars also contain small amounts of tartaric acid, citric acid, and other acids. Vinegar has been used since ancient times and is an important element in European, Asian, and other cuisines. The word â€Å"vinegar† derives from the Old French vin aigre, meaning â€Å"sour wine†, which in turn is derived from the Latin â€Å"vinum aegrum† meaning â€Å"feeble wine† ( http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Starch ). Chapter II METHODOLOGY MaterialsToolsPapaya Sap Beaker Glycerin Graduated Cylinder Water Petri Dish Vinegar Weighing Scale Starch Paper Spatula Stirring Rod Drying OvenProcedure: 1. Collection of Needed Materials. a. Collect the needed papaya sap and other materials to be used in the study. 2. Weighing of Needed Ingredients. a. Weighing of papaya sap. b. Weighing of starch. 3. Measuring of Needed Ingredients. a. Measuring of water, vinegar, and glycerin. 4. Mixing of Ingredients. a. Mix the sap, and water, vinegar, glycerin and star ch. 5. Cooking a. Cook the mixed solution until it becomes very sticky. 6. Molding a. Pour and mold the sticky solution into the petri dish. 7. Drying a.Place the product inside the dring oven and let it dry. 8. Surveying a. The respondents will rate the product including the commercial rubber material. Experimental Design Table 1. Mass of the raw material and the finished product. Treatment| Replication | Mass of rawmaterial in kg| | 1| 2| 3| | Treatment 1| 15g| 15g| 15g| 0. 015g| Treatment 2| 25g| 25g| 25g| 0. 025g| Treatment 3| 35g| 35g| 35g| 0. 035g| The table reflects the experimental design by treatments and replication including the mass of raw material in kilogram and the finished products in grams.The three (3) replications per treatment exhibit the same number of replicates in grams. Table2. Mixing Treatments| Mass of the raw material for everytreatment and replication in g| Water( mL)| Glycerin( mL )| Vinegar( mL )| Starch( g )| Treatment 1| 15| 5| 10| 5| 5| Treatment 2| 25| 5| 10| 5| 5| Treatment 3| 35| 5| 10| 5| 5| In mixing process, by treatments. It included the mass of the raw material for every treatment and replication in grams; volume of water, glycerin and vinegar; amount of starch used in the study.The three (3) treatments exhibited different amount of mass of the raw material for every treatment and replication but contains the same volume of water glycerin vinegar and the same amount of mass of starch. The table depicts the total content of the product as indicated by treatment and replication. Statistical Tool The statistical tools that are going to be used in the study are the Simple Mean for the test of difference in the appearance and texture, and Pearson R for the test of relationship.

The Professional Application Of Psychology - 2165 Words

Applied psychology is the professional application of psychological knowledge using theory and findings to solve practical problems in important areas of the human environment, such as education, health and the workplace (Coolican, 2007, p. 1). There are many branches of applied psychology including Clinical, Occupational, Educational, Forensic, Health, Sport Exercise, Counselling and Neuropsychology. This essay will provide a discussion of the theory that underlines Clinical and Educational psychology, along with possible ethical considerations associated with the professional practice in each of the two applied settings. 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The Impact Of Technology On The Global Marketplace

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Human Cloning Essay - 1861 Words

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It is important to realize that cloning does not necessarily produce an exact replica of the individualRead MoreHuman Cloning Is Justified?1295 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Human Cloning is Justified Imagine a world where disease was non-existent, long term injuries could be healed in half the time, a world where our life spans could be greatened to an extent never seen before by man. This could be achieved with the cloning of humans, artificial cloning is the next evolutionary step for mankind.Although many would claim human cloning is unethical and dangerous, there are procedures at hand currently that are far from that. The act of human cloning allows for

Terrorism in the Old Testament Free Essays

Stacy Norton 03 October, 2012 Old Testament Ballard Terrorism and the Old Testament Many terrorist organizations use their religious texts as justification for their acts of terrorism. People even go as far to say that God, as depicted in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, encourages those acts as a way to defend their actions. While it is true that the Old Testament has evidence of God sending out his people to defend his word and his chosen people, it should not be taken as black and white as others would argue. We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism in the Old Testament or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is important that we study the religious texts in their proper context. When these texts are not read in their proper textual and historical contexts they are manipulated and distorted. My God is a teacher of love and forgiveness and only uses violence as a last resort. This is more evident in the story of Moses and the release of the Israelite’s from the Egyptians. The Israelite s were being held captive and tortured by the Egyptian Pharaoh and his people. They were forced to spend their days as slaves and lived in deplorable conditions and were beaten routinely by the Egyptians. Moses upset that his people were being treated this way sought guidance from God. God agreed to help Moses free his people. God first sent Moses to the Pharaoh to ask kindly for his people’s release. The Pharaoh refused. Moses even tried to convince the Pharaoh with the threat of curses being placed on his people. The Pharaoh refused again. Then, after the curses were released, the Pharaoh still held strong and would not release the Israelite s He was willing to have his own people suffer just because he did not want to give up his power over the Israelite s He only relented when the final curse was released and the first born of the Egyptians, including the Pharaoh’s, were killed. The Egyptian Pharaoh was given multiple opportunities to prevent his own people’s suffering but decided instead that his power was more important. Another part of the bible people like to criticize is the book of Judges. Especially the story of Samson. Samson was a Nazarene leader with incredible strength. The Philistines wanted to capture him but could not find a way. Samson then fell in love with a woman named Delilah, who then tricked him into telling her the secret of his strength. He told her that if his hair was cut he would lose his power. When Samson fell asleep that night she cut his hair and let the Philistines in to capture him. They shackled him and gouged out his eyes and were planning on offering him up as a sacrifice to their deity. Samson cried out to God for help. He took out his revenge on the Philistines by basically, for lack of a better term, suicidal terrorism. He killed more people that day than in his whole life combined. In conclusion, the bible is not exempt from what some could deem as unflattering to the Christian faith. God does not try to deny that humanity is riddled with faults. But we must instead of looking at specific stories to justify harming others think about the overall message. He only asks that we try to lead faithful lives. Treat each other kindly . Above all, we must keep his name holy. No where in the bible can we find where he tells us to set out and harm others just because we do not like their culture or religious viewpoints. He teaches tolerance. A most noteworthy verse that I like to remind myself often â€Å"Do not judge so that you will not be judged. For in the way you judge, you will be judged; and by your standard of measure, it will be measured to you. (Matthew 7:1-2) How to cite Terrorism in the Old Testament, Essay examples

Managing Rooms Division Operation for Journal Articles - Case Study

Question: Discuss about theManaging Rooms Division Operation for Journal Articles. Answer: Introduction The key research question on which this literature review is formulated is: To conduct a literature review in order to understand whether it is possible to outsource completely, a hotels entire reservation system or not. In order to do this, the literature review will throw light on various perspectives. These perspectives will range from understanding the concept of outsourcing to understanding the framework of reservation system outsourcing as per essential articles of research, journal articles, academic reviews etc (Buhalis and Law 2008). The review will be conducted comprehensively in order to reach the consensus of research. The literature review overall, will be of the notion that, yes, a hotel can outsource its entire department of reservation. The key lies in ensuring that hotel takes utmost care of its operations while operating. Literature Review What is Outsourcing? The concept of outsourcing was initially introduced as a term in the middle years of 1980s. However, the similar concept has long existed from a very long period of time wherein individuals where hired to perform specific job roles and/or division of labour. According to Coase (1937), outsourcing is present globally within the context of business, either of simple or complex structure with firm size of either large, medium or small scale (Cunil and Forteza 2010). Prior to the times of 1900s, the primary focus of outsourcing was on the production tasks which were labour intensive along with activities of business outside the core competitive of the company including outsourcing of food preparation, janitorial work, print press, hiring of migrant seasonal workers of farm and more. According to Commons (1931 and Wiliamson (1975), it is mentioned that outsourcing is considered as business tool that is widely accepted in achievement of organizational goals. The use of outsourcing is generally significant wherein the activities that takes place in house are more than purchasing of market goods or services. Conditions are states by Kliem and Quinn (1999) that the process of outsourcing not only provides with an advantage to the current employees in focusing on the core activities of the organization but as will concentrates on achievement of the key objectives (DiRomualdo and Gurbaxani 2008). These include reduction in cost or stabilization of the costs and finally obtaining competitive cost advantage, offering flexibility within market change and significantly lower the investment with respect to high technology. According to Bruna (2010), subcontracting of Third Party Company provided service is considered as outsourcing. The primary organization trusts and provides responsibility to either one or numerous organization to perform specific task to be successfully able to save resources, time and organizational funds. As per Mariam (2001), the discussion of outsourcing within the domain of hospitality is difficult itself due to the dependability of the hotel product on certain factors which are not always controllable by the hoteliers (Espino-Rodriguez and Gil-Padilla 2010). At instances, hotels are unable in determining the workload which leads to the resort of subcontracting organizations specialized in delivering services of high standards. Brian (2004) also stated that a hotel possess fixed costs that are high. In order to maintain running the hotel, numerous expenses are faced as it does not concern whether guests are present or not at the hotel. It is required that staff is present on daily basis for which the salary is paid. If the premises of the hotel is not owned by the hotelier, then in such case rent becomes another fixed cost of the hotel along with providers, bills and more (Haag et al 2008). According to Burkhart (2009), the hoteliers turn towards contracting certain activities to a nother organization in order to convert the costs that is fixed into variable. Karen (2001) stated that this further leads to a dilemma of determining the services that will benefit when outsourced. According to Brian (2009), on one side there are varied different experiences introducing within the domain of hospitality has enabled is to provide with more differentiated and improvised services that further require professionals with high qualifications. While on the other side, continual improvisation within the sector of technology has enabled automation of process to a higher extent within the industry of hospitality that further increased the trend of outsourcing related to IT (Lam and Han 2005). It is considered that an individual cannot be a specialist in everything. Hence, certain tasks deliver desirable goals when left with the individuals of speciality in domain. From this perspective, it becomes crucial to explore review of literature on advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing the reservation department of a hotel. Benefits of Outsourcing to Hotels As mentioned by Klein (2005), contract services and outsourcing is being increasingly opted by the hotels in order to sustain operation reservation operation with cost efficiency and to further make sure that assets and resources of the hotel are utilized to realize the maximum. Large hotel chains and corporate organizations are dependant primality on outsourced professional reservation staff providers to meet with the needs of hotel. According to George (2008), fast changes in the environment of industry demands strategy implementation by the top management which focusses both on the present success and investment in certain activities that will enable hotel with competitive advantage for continuous success (Lamminmaki 2003). As discussed by Mike (2011), the process of outsourcing is viewed as the only resort of maintaining competitiveness of the hotel in this century by the managers of most hotels. Outsourcing Hotel Reservation System Considerations According to Maria (2013), the systems of reservation within majority of hotel chains are developed by the department of IT as per the customized needs. Outsourcing in this segment is considered as an effective alternative due to the high amount of required investment (Mistilis et al 2004). Following are some of the primary considerations in decision making of reservation system: Advanced System As per Moss (2001), advanced system is the reservations systems core factor as multiple requests of reservation may be displayed. A typical scenario of this will be request of a guest for two rooms wherein only one guest will occupy one room and two guests will occupy the second room. Certain reservation systems would read and deliver limited options like one room for triple occupancy and in worst cases, another search would be requested by the system due to reservation of individual room within single type of room in a reservation. Hence, two separate reservations will be made for the same period of stay. Customizing Ability According to Kim (2006), customization is present in a good system due to the individual distinctiveness of each hotel. For an instance, preference of room is considered. The preference of a room is currently exposes and details of breakdown are offered to the customer including desired pillow type, bed size and more (OConnor and Frew 2004). It is viewed that not all system enables the hotel for input of associated data. A guest that is allergic to feathers will be satisfied upon realizing the availability of option at hotel to choose from pillow made from feathers or latex which will count as satisfaction generation by hotel. Attractive Page of Reservation As discussed and mentioned by Smith (2012), page is referred wherein the guest inputs the check in and check out dates of stay. It is viewed that certain systems offers search box including dates of check-in and check-out, count of guests and without use of any colour on the page. An hotelier is required to be ensure attractiveness of reservation page as the interest of the booker is to be maintained in checking of availability. As per Jonah (2010) it is identified that numerous hotels implement outsourcing to address these issues as well. Advanced with Being user Friendly As per Lukeman (2009), the reservation system is integrated for effective management of reservation while being friendly in the complete process including hotel data and information, for the hotel as well as the guest. Value Added It is stated by Bob (2001) that system of reservation is also used by other departments along with the reservations, room division and sales as per the hotel (OConnor and Frew 2002). There are many features present apart from the core functions, which add value through email distribution, web promotion, reporting tools for agent productivity and payment functionality. Advantages Reduced fixed costs is one the primary advantage of outsourcing as per Miguel (2001), this is because it enables the hotel chains to be kept up with the expenses of guests usage. This implies that services from another organization can be taken as per the load of work. Furthermore, it is stated by Jones (2009) that improves specialized products or services quality is another key advantage that is enabled by outsourcing. Professionals providing the hotel with services and products in best possible manner. For an instance, design marketing or campaigns of advertising. It has become highly often that management of hospitality and associated reservation goes together with technology (Olsen and Connolly 2000). Organizations that offer technological services for the domain of hospitality deliver specific software to the hotels for management of allotments, warehouse organizing and controlling other processes that are internal. As per Nick (2013), Failure in outsourcing of IT management can result in high costs to the hotel as specified professionals and software developers will be hired at fixed cost in Hotel. The costs will further increase to a large extent if the hotel develops the reservation system themselves. Disadvantages Loss of control is considered to be an initial disadvantage by Hart (2014) as it is difficult for the hotel to trust the third party which might imply control loss of their own activities. This notion becomes stronger if the services are in concern. It is evident that the services delivered to guest are defined through simultaneity wherein they are consumed as soon as they are produced which makes quality control difficult. Hence, outsourced services needs to ensure avoidance of depersonalization in customer experience. Misalignment is another disadvantage identified by Gregory (2015). There is presence of risk of misalignment of objectives and associated aspects of strategy (Paraskeves and Buhalis 2000). It is to be ensured by the Hotel that the vital internal communication takes place along with seamless communication with outsourced agents to ensure accurate transmittal of objectives. Jeffery (2002) stated that scepticism is another disadvantage in regards to security. Reluctance is seen by the hoteliers to provide critical data to other organizations. Such data should remain secure as the availability, integrity and confidentiality are the essential computer security premise resulting in internal IT management. Critical Discussion As per the Express Hospitality, number of hotel facilities are under reviewing the concept of reservation system outsourcing. Technical aspects of this system including the maintenance, upgradation, constant security checks, implementation, continuous improvisation in outlook and content of the system are some of the tasks which require outsourcing (Sigala 2003). According to Henry (2005), there are various advantages of outsourcing in Hotel. As per Hoffman (2012), prior to implementation of outsourcing, it is essential to initially analyse the overall requirement of the hotel. Assess the requirements of the reservation department in terms of work load, regular schedule and associated charts if needed, calculation of associated manpower costs, equipment and more (Singh and Kasavana 2005). It is also to identify the outsourcing type that will match the suitability of hotel, complete or partial. Partial outsourcing implies hiring external assistance for maintenance of certain hotel functionality as per Bullock (2010). This includes outsourcing of the certain parts of reservation system and functions of reservations department. Herein disadvantages will be risks of security, staff confusion, inconsistency in performance and staff loyalty and honesty. According to Brian (2009), complete outsourcing implies outsourcing of the entire reservation system management and reservation staff both in certain cases which will benefit in time efficiency, reduced costs and high guidance on projects (Werthner and Ricci 2004). Some of the disadvantages can be high risk in security, questionable skill of worker, less quality control and reduced operations flexibility. Conclusion The decision of outsourcing or against is dependent on the hotel type and each hoteliers attitude. There are varied services which can be outsourced. However, the most delicate to outsource are ones with guest involvement, such as reservation management, restaurant and more (Wethner 2002). Hence, it is concluded that the decision making in any case will not be easy and the key behind effective outsourcing is to maintain balance between internal and external resources as some outsourced services will contribute to the productivity while others might not. References Buhalis, D. and Law, R., 2008. Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the InternetThe state of eTourism research.Tourism management,29(4), pp.609-623. Cunill, O.M. and Forteza, C.M., 2010. The franchise contract in hotel chains: a study of hotel chain growth and market concentrations.Tourism Economics,16(3), pp.493-515. DiRomualdo, A. and Gurbaxani, V., 2008. Strategic intent for IT outsourcing.MIT Sloan Management Review,39(4), p.67. Espino-Rodriguez, T.F., and Gil-Padilla, A.M., 2010. Determinants of information systems outsourcing in hotels from the resource-based view: An empirical study. The International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(1), 35-47. Haag, S., Cummings, M. and Dawkins, J., 2008. Management information systems.Multimedia systems,279, pp.280-297. Lam, T. and Han, M.X., 2005. A study of outsourcing strategy: a case involving the hotel industry in Shanghai, China.International Journal of Hospitality Management,24(1), pp.41-56. Lamminmaki, D., 2003.Outsourcing in the hotel industry: a management accounting perspective(Doctoral dissertation, Griffith University-Gold Coast). Mistilis, N., Agnes, P. and Presbury, R., 2004. The strategic use of information and communication technology in marketing and distribution--A preliminary investigation of Sydney hotels.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,11(1), pp.42-56. OConnor, P. and Frew, A.J., 2004. An evaluation methodology for hotel electronic channels of distribution.International Journal of Hospitality Management,23(2), pp.179-199. O'Connor, P. and Frew, A.J., 2002. The future of hotel electronic distribution: Expert and industry perspectives.The Cornell hotel and restaurant administration quarterly,43(3), pp.33-45. Olsen, M.D. and Connolly, D.J., 2000. Experience-based travel.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,41(1), p.30. Paraskevas, A. and Buhalis, D., 2002. Outsourcing IT for small hotels: The opportunities and challenges of using application service providers.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,43(2), p.27. Sigala, M., 2003. The information and communication technologies productivity impact on the UK hotel sector.International Journal of Operations Production Management,23(10), pp.1224-1245. Singh, A.J. and Kasavana, M.L., 2005. The impact of information technology on future management of lodging operations: A Delphi study to predict key technological events in 2007 and 2027.Tourism and Hospitality Research,6(1), pp.24-37. Werthner, H. and Ricci, F., 2004. E-commerce and tourism.Communications of the ACM,47(12), pp.101-105. Werthner, H., 2002. Intelligent systems in travel and tourism. IJCAI 2003: 18th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.